What is an amputation? When performing an amputation, a surgeon removes a limb, or part of a limb, that is no longer functioning as it should and is causing great pain, or threatens your health because of extensive infection. Most commonly, a surgeon must perform this procedure on your toe, foot, leg, or arm. Physicians as well as patients consider amputation a last resort. Although amputations may be required for other reasons, such as severe injury or the presence of a tumor, the most common reason you may need an amputation is if you have peripheral arterial disease due to atherosclerosis